Sea forwarding

Shipping sea (transport morski), Also in the sphere of legal and theoretical thinking, and when common practice forwarding integrally binds with the term Incoterms (International Commercial Terms), which refers to both the International Trading Rules, and applying for services such transport container or container transport ( sea ​​freight ).

Sea forwarding – INCOTERMS This combination of international regulations, determining the conditions of sale, interpretation of what happens globally accepted around the globe. These regulations share the costs and responsibilities between buyer and seller, while both define the types of transport. Incoterms is guided by the overriding rights of the Convention ONZ on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods, which was published in 1936 and regulates the maritime transport. Currently, the binding version is Incoterms 2010, which replaced the previous distribution – Incoterms 2000.

Incoterms regulations and their features: associated with material goods traded (also in the field of container transport) their use may be optional only apply exporter as well as importer - from their use are excluded shippers and transport companies, Services include "container transport" rule of the law governing the contract concerned shall take precedence over INCOTERMS.

Incoterms deal with issues relating to the maritime transport of products from the seller to the buyer. This includes m.in. transport products, settlement of liability export and import, cover the costs of, including transport and insurance, transfer of risk for the condition of products at various points in the transport process. Incoterms are used constantly in the junction of the geographical location and does not deal with the transfer of property rights. Used in the framework of the "transport container" and container-transport.

Incoterms 2000

Canons and laws are recommended and published by the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC). The official version of Incoterms 2000 It is the original English text, któren was approved by the Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) United Nations. Authorized translation 31 languages ​​are available in the local committees of the ICC.

Standards as well as the rights recognized in the Incoterms 2000 (transport morski) They were divided into groups, varied due to common conditions for particular groups, m.in. transport charges and insurance, a moment of risk transfer (while the same effect delivery, which is sometimes directly related to the issues

for payments for completed contract), responsibility for the formalities and costs associated with severance (Container transport) customs export as well as import.

Group E - Departure - the seller provides the goods at the disposal of the buyer at the point you release. The seller is not obliged to provide customs clearance export, if not also bear the costs or risks of loading goods.

EXW. Ex Works (… named place) - Since establishment (… specific place). This term presents the least responsibility (maritime transport issues) and commitment from the seller (dot. container transport services). Providing it shall be deemed to have been made at the time of placing the products at the disposal of the buyer at a particular place, to oblige without further action on the part of the seller.

Group F - Main Carriage Unpaid - The "F .." requires the seller to customs clearance export. The seller does not pay substantial transportation costs (also: maritime transport) or insurance. Traqnsport container.

FCA. Free Carrier (… named place) - Free Carrier (… specific place).The seller bears the costs of transport, loading as well as insurance until the transfer of goods to the first carrier, indicated by the buyer, at a fixed location. Goods deemed to be supplied at the time of loading the carrier, at this point, the transfer of risk of damage or loss of the goods to the buyer.

FAS. Free Alongside Ship (… named loading port) - Free Alongside Ship (… the specified port of loading). Responsibility for the costs of maritime transport and the risk of the seller ends when the goods (container transport) to the side of the ship in the named port of origin, albeit without loading onto the ship. From that moment all the costs as well as risks related to the goods is transferred to the buyer. The term can be used only with regard to maritime transport - including transport container and water – inland.

FOB. Free On Board (… named loading port) - Free On Board (… the specified port of loading). As in the case of FCA, although the point of transfer costs and risks for the goods from the seller to the buyer may be a moment of crossing the ship's side by commodity, the seller shall also bear the costs of loading. The term could be used only for sea transport and inland waterways.

Group C - Main Carriage Paid - Seller enters into a contract of carriage as well as bear the costs. Seller is sometimes required to pay both customs export. The risk is transferred to the buyer at the time of posting the goods. any additional, resulting after loading, costs associated with transport and other events are charged to the buyer.

CFR. Cost and Freight (… named destination port) - Cost and Freight (… the specified port of destination – transport morski). The seller does not bear the costs of insurance of goods (since loading on a ship in the port of origin, container transport), which lie on the side of the buyer; Delivery shall be deemed to have been made at the time of loading the goods on ship indicated by the performing carrier transport container ( sea ​​freight ).

CIF. Cost, Insurance and Freight (named destination port) - Expense, insurance and freight (… specified port destination). Unlike CFR, the seller can also be responsible for signing the contract and paying the cost of insurance of the goods to the buyer in. It's worth pointing out, that Incoterms 2000 require the seller to provide insurance coverage only in the basic range. Also CFR CIF as well as they could be used only for maritime and inland waterway.

CPT. Carriage Paid To (… named destination port) - Carriage Paid To (… specified destination). CFR equivalent in other transport, than maritime and inland waterway (including multimodal, transpoert container, container transport).

CIP. Carriage and Insurance Paid to (… named destination port) - Carriage and Insurance Paid to (… specified destination). Equivalent CIF other transport, than maritime and inland waterway (including multimodal).
Group D - Arrival - The seller may be required to deliver the goods to a certain place or port of destination ( sea ​​freight ).

DAF. Delivered At Frontier (… named place) - Delivered at frontier (… specific place). The seller is obliged to deliver the goods at the disposal of the buyer at the border, but before the border customs clearance of the recipient country. In the case of delivery DAF, cost as well as the risk of unloading the goods are on the side of the buyer. The seller is obliged to carry out customs clearance of export. The term refers to the land border, regardless of the means of transport ( sea ​​freight ).

OF. Delivered Ex Ship (… named port) - delivered to the ship (… the specified port). Goods deemed to be delivered in time to make available (unloading - maritime transport) by the payee on the ship in the port of destination indicated. Sometimes the seller is obliged to bear all costs for that moment, bears the risk of damage or loss products - container transport – during transportation to the port of destination. The seller may be required for customs clearance export. The cost and risk of unloading are the buyer. The term analogous to the DAF, with regard to maritime transport, inland waterway and intermodal delivery of the ship in the port of destination (container transport), ( sea ​​freight ).

min. Delivered Ex Quay (… named port) - Delivered the waterfront (… the specified port, transport morski). Similarly, while in the case of DES, although the goods should be placed at the disposal of the buyer on the quay at the port of destination indicated. Costs of unloading as well as the risks are on the side of the seller. A term used in relation to maritime transport, inland waterways and multimodal, unloading from a ship in the port of destination ( sea ​​freight ).

BLACK. Delivered Duty Unpaid (… named destination place) - Delivered, duty unpaid (… specified destination). Terms of delivery DDU oblige the seller to deliver the goods - container transport – EC sets (any) place, Also in the recipient country, along with incurring any costs and risks associated with the, except for any costs of customs duties and responsibilities that come with it (carry out the import customs clearance). Shipment is considered to be delivered without unloading from the last means of transport. The term applies to all modes of transport, although in the case of the place of delivery provided for in the port of destination (without further inland transport by the seller, Container transport) terms should be used DES or DEQ.

DDP. Delivered Duty Paid (… named destination place) - Delivered, duty paid (… specified destination). The widest range of responsibilities and activities of the seller of the above principles. Expanded responsibilities in relation to the DDU of responsibility as well as the costs associated with the import customs clearance ( sea ​​freight ).

Incoterms 2010

In relation to Incoterms 2000 changed only group D. it looks like:

WHICH. Delivered at Terminal) - Delivered, duty paid (… specified destination). Delivered to the terminal (the seller is responsible for handing over the goods to a particular terminal and unloading. DAT replaces DEQ usual ( sea ​​freight ).
BICYCLE. (Delivered at Place) - Delivered to the place (the seller is responsible for delivering the goods to a certain place, However, the unloading is the responsibility of the buyer). DAP replaces the previously used DAF, DES and DDU ( sea ​​freight ).

Sea freight and these relate to the scope: maritime transport in practice, Container transport, container transport.